[TL;DR]
- The current healthcare system is fragmented, with hospitals operating independently and patient data scattered across institutions. Structural problems include vulnerability to hacking due to centralized storage, potential tampering of medical records, and the lack of data ownership for patients.
- Blockchain fundamentally addresses these issues by enhancing security through decentralized storage and encryption, ensuring data immutability to boost trust in medical records, and enabling patient-centered data ownership. It also enables safe data sharing between hospitals.
- A healthcare ecosystem built on WaaS (Wallet as a Service) will provide a blockchain-based infrastructure that is easy for the general public to use. It is expected to realize a patient-centered medical ecosystem by enabling preventive and personalized care, activating the data economy, and standardizing global healthcare.
1. Limitations of the Current Medical Data Ecosystem
1.1. Data Silos and Disconnection Between Hospitals
One of the most critical issues in the current healthcare system is that each hospital and medical institution functions like an isolated island. If a patient needs to transfer MRI or CT scan results from Hospital A to Hospital B, they must go through complicated paperwork and physically carry CDs or printouts. This means that, even in the digital age, medical information is still being transferred using outdated physical media.
This disconnection is not just inconvenient—it can become a life-threatening issue. In emergency situations, if past medical history, allergies, or current medications are not immediately accessible, there is a constant risk of inappropriate treatment. For unconscious or dementia patients, who cannot convey their medical history themselves, the golden window to save their lives may be missed.
For medical professionals, this lack of data integration significantly reduces diagnostic accuracy. They may be forced to repeat tests already done elsewhere or make decisions without knowledge of the patient’s previous treatment history, leading to inefficiencies and errors. This results in unnecessary costs and radiation exposure for patients and inefficient working conditions for clinicians.
A greater concern is that this fragmentation hinders progress in medical research and development. If the vast amount of medical data stored across numerous hospitals were integrated and analyzed, it could provide breakthroughs in treatment discovery and disease pattern research. Currently, since data is trapped within individual hospitals, it is underutilized—a structural barrier that slows medical innovation.
This also impedes effective national healthcare policymaking. There is a lack of comprehensive data on disease prevalence and treatment outcomes, making it difficult to create evidence-based policies. As was revealed during the COVID-19 pandemic, real-time data sharing for infection tracking and treatment evaluation was severely limited, making timely responses extremely difficult.
1.2. Patient Data Leaks and Security Vulnerabilities
Despite medical information being among the most sensitive and personal types of data, security incidents continue to occur within the current system. Major hospitals are regularly reported in the media for having been hacked, resulting in the leakage of hundreds of thousands of patients’ data—undermining trust in the healthcare system.
A fundamental vulnerability lies in the centralized storage architecture. Most hospitals store all patient data on a single central server or database. If this server is breached, the entire dataset is exposed, similar to how robbing a bank vault puts all its contents at risk.
Authorization management is often lax. In many cases, hospital staff unrelated to the patient’s care can access wide ranges of medical data, and access rights of former employees are not promptly revoked, leading to ongoing security risks. Furthermore, medical staff sometimes share patient data via personal email or messaging apps, creating informal and unsafe communication channels.
More seriously, patients themselves are rarely informed of how their data is used. They often cannot track who accessed their records, whether their data is being used for research, or if it's being shared with insurance or pharmaceutical companies. This is a serious violation of the patient’s right to data autonomy.
On a global scale, medical records have become prime targets for cybercriminals. Since they contain personal identifiers, insurance information, and even payment details, they are traded on the dark web for much higher prices than ordinary personal data. Unfortunately, many healthcare institutions are still unprepared in terms of cybersecurity investment and response systems.
1.3. Tampering of Medical Records and Trust Issues
Tampering with medical records can directly endanger patients' lives, yet the current system cannot completely prevent such acts due to structural limitations. Digital medical records can be altered by database administrators or those with system access, and it’s difficult to trace who made changes, when, and why.
Cases of medical staff modifying or deleting records to cover up mistakes—such as surgical errors or misdiagnoses—are regularly reported. This makes it difficult for patients or families to seek justice and undermines trust between medical professionals and patients.
Medical record falsification related to insurance fraud is another major concern. Some records are exaggerated or entirely fabricated to obtain more insurance money, ultimately inflating premiums and imposing unnecessary costs on society—distorting the healthcare ecosystem.
Tampering with research data has catastrophic effects on medical advancement. If clinical trial results are falsified or side effects are hidden, unverified treatments could be given to real patients. In particular, studies influenced by pharmaceutical companies may manipulate data to present favorable outcomes, raising doubts about the integrity of scientific findings.
The bigger issue is the lack of technical means to detect and prevent such alterations. Current systems have limited capabilities to track changes, and even when change logs exist, administrators might still have the power to manipulate them. This weakens the legal credibility of medical records and complicates dispute resolution.
1.4. Lack of Patient Ownership Over Medical Data
Under the current system, patients have little control over their own medical data. Legally, the data belongs to the patient, but practically, it is managed and utilized at the discretion of hospitals and institutions. Patients often don’t know how their data is used, with whom it is shared, or for what purpose.
As the value of medical data rises rapidly, patients are excluded from this value chain. Pharmaceutical and medical device companies use patient data to develop new drugs or improve products and earn large profits, yet patients—the source of this data—receive no compensation. This creates an unfair structure that sidelines patients in the data economy.
Even when patients want to share their data with other hospitals or researchers, they face complicated procedures and restrictions. There’s no system that allows individuals to manage and selectively share their data autonomously, posing a major obstacle to patient-centered healthcare.
Worse, data is often used without the patient’s true consent. Most patients agree to complex terms of service without fully understanding them, and once they consent, it is hard to control the scope or duration of use. As a result, patients cannot genuinely exercise their right to choose how their data is used.
This lack of ownership slows down healthcare innovation. If patients were empowered to voluntarily share data, more high-quality data could be used in research. But in the current top-down system, patients remain passive participants, dampening innovation potential.
2. Innovations in Healthcare Enabled by Blockchain
2.1. Establishing Secure Data-Sharing Networks Between Hospitals
Blockchain technology offers a fundamentally new paradigm for sharing medical data. Unlike centralized databases, blockchain allows multiple hospitals and medical institutions to safely and simultaneously share identical patient information in real-time through a decentralized network. Just like banks sharing a single trusted ledger, all medical institutions can view and update a unified medical record instantly.
This revolutionary change can play a life-saving role in emergencies. When a patient arrives unconscious at the emergency room, doctors can immediately access their past medical history, allergies, and current medications, enabling them to make optimal treatment decisions within minutes. There's no need to wait for family members or call other hospitals to obtain this critical information—it’s all accessible via the blockchain.
Blockchain also allows for automated, programmable data sharing using smart contracts. Patients can set conditions so that only specific medical professionals can access their information in particular situations. For example, a diabetic patient can choose to disclose blood sugar management records only to an endocrinologist during an emergency, or ensure that psychiatric records are shared only with explicit consent.
Collaborative care between physicians is also transformed. When multiple specialists are needed to treat a complex condition, each doctor can access the same up-to-date information in real-time. Even specialists at different hospitals can review and discuss patient information (with consent) and deliver top-quality care without geographical limitations.
Blockchain also opens up a new level of global medical collaboration. In cases of rare diseases or highly complex surgeries, expert consultation from abroad is often required. With blockchain, secure cross-border medical data sharing becomes feasible, allowing patients to receive diagnoses and treatment recommendations from the world’s top specialists while staying in their home country.
2.2. Strengthening Security Through Encryption and Decentralized Storage
The cryptographic architecture of blockchain offers a robust solution to the security vulnerabilities of existing systems. Each medical record is protected using advanced encryption, and only the patient and authorized medical personnel can access the data using decryption keys. This dual-layer of protection is akin to storing each record in a private vault while also replicating it across multiple locations.
The decentralized storage model eliminates single points of failure. In traditional systems, a single breach of the central server can jeopardize all patient data. In contrast, blockchain stores encrypted information across thousands of nodes globally. Even if some nodes are attacked or go offline, others maintain the network, making it nearly impossible for hackers to destroy or tamper with the data entirely.
Patients’ privacy is dramatically enhanced. In current systems, administrators can access all patient data, but with blockchain, patients control access through their private keys. Even hospital staff cannot view records without the patient’s consent.
The use of zero-knowledge proofs further improves privacy protection. For instance, an insurance company could verify whether a patient has a specific condition without revealing the actual medical records. This ensures a perfect balance between data privacy and information utility.
Blockchain also creates a herd immunity effect against cybersecurity threats. If hospitals worldwide adopt the same blockchain security protocols, any detected threat is instantly shared across the network, allowing for proactive and collective defense. Even sophisticated attacks can be handled through global network intelligence.
2.3. Ensuring Medical Record Integrity Through Immutability
The immutability of blockchain prevents tampering of medical records by design. Once information is recorded on the blockchain, it cannot be altered or deleted, regardless of intent. This creates a digital record as permanent and verifiable as an inscription in stone—but with the convenience of digital access.
Every medical action and data update is permanently timestamped, making it possible to trace exactly who did what and when. Whether it's a diagnosis, medication administration, or test result, each step becomes a secure, irrefutable digital trail, providing strong legal evidence in case of disputes.
Smart contracts can enable automated auditing. If suspicious patterns or abnormal behavior are detected, alerts are triggered, and the relevant data is flagged for further review. For example, if a physician orders an unusually high number of expensive tests or prescribes certain medications excessively, administrators are notified instantly.
This immutability also enhances the integrity of clinical trials and medical research. When research data is stored on the blockchain, it cannot be manipulated or selectively reported, ensuring that results are objective and reproducible. Pharmaceutical companies and device manufacturers are prevented from hiding unfavorable results or exaggerating favorable ones.
With digital and multi-signature technologies, accountability becomes crystal clear. Critical decisions—like surgeries or legal consent forms—can require multiple medical staff to provide digital signatures, ensuring transparent, responsible group decision-making. In the event of an issue, it’s easy to confirm who was involved and when.
2.4. Patient-Centered Data Ownership and Access Control
Blockchain enables patients to become the true owners of their medical data. By managing access through their private keys, patients can fully control who sees what, when, and under what conditions—much like holding the keys to their own home.
Granular access control empowers privacy protection. A patient can allow an orthopedic doctor to view only X-rays and MRI scans related to fractures, while keeping psychiatric records private. Access can also be time-limited or restricted to emergencies through preset conditions.
Patients are also given new opportunities to generate economic value from their data. Research institutions or pharmaceutical companies can negotiate directly with patients to purchase data access, compensating them fairly. This creates a patient-centered data economy, moving away from the current one-sided model dominated by institutions and corporations.
Full access to their records also allows patients to actively participate in their treatment. With complete visibility, patients can build a more equal partnership with medical professionals, aligning with the vision of truly patient-centered care.
3. Use Cases of Blockchain-Based Medical Platforms
3.1. Integrated Personal Medical Record Management: Patients Manage All Hospital Records Through Their Own Wallets
A major problem in today’s medical system is that patient information is fragmented across various hospitals, making it difficult for individuals to access their complete medical history. A blockchain-based personal medical wallet is expected to emerge as a groundbreaking solution, allowing patients to securely integrate and manage all their lifelong medical data in one decentralized digital space.
Currently, if patients want to transfer test results from Hospital A to Hospital B, they must burn a CD or carry documents through cumbersome procedures. But with a blockchain medical wallet, patients will be able to directly manage ownership of their data and access all medical records instantly using just a smartphone.
By leveraging blockchain’s immutability and transparency, the reliability of medical records will be greatly enhanced. A chronological medical history recorded on the blockchain would store all consultations, test results, prescriptions, and surgery records in a tamper-proof format. Patients and medical staff will be able to reference trustworthy data when reviewing a patient’s health progression—essentially functioning as a digital diary of verified health events.
Verified data stored on the blockchain could also serve as a predictive tool. Through smart contract-based health monitoring, the system could automatically provide alerts or advice based on specific conditions. For example, if blood pressure data recorded on the blockchain shows an upward trend, a smart contract could automatically trigger a message like “Consider a cardiovascular exam.”
Blockchain’s permission management features can also expand the scope of care to family members. Through decentralized identity and linked family medical records, a parent can access their child’s medical information, or an adult child can receive delegated authority to manage healthcare for elderly parents. For dementia or cognitively impaired patients, smart contracts could automatically transfer decision-making authority to family members in a transparent and secure way.
This system becomes most powerful in emergency scenarios. Through automated emergency information sharing, when a patient is unconscious and admitted to an ER, medical staff can immediately access critical data—such as allergies, current medications, or pre-existing conditions—via the patient’s digital wallet. Smart contracts triggered specifically for emergencies will selectively reveal life-saving information, acting like a digital insurance policy for golden time intervention.
3.2. Global Medical Travel: Instantly Accessing Domestic Records from Overseas Hospitals
Cross-border medical services are one of the areas where blockchain can shine the most. When a patient treated in Korea visits a hospital in the U.S. or Germany, the current lack of interoperability between healthcare systems can result in data miscommunication or redundant tests. But through a blockchain-based global medical network, these problems can be completely eliminated.
The key technological challenge is interoperability between different national systems. A blockchain healthcare standardization protocol would translate Korea’s medical codes into those understood by U.S. systems (and vice versa), enabling seamless data exchange across borders via a decentralized network.
This technical infrastructure will support the development of a cross-border medical data verification system. Patients receiving treatment abroad will be able to instantly verify the authenticity of their domestic medical records through blockchain, preventing medical accidents caused by falsified documentation. Smart contracts will automatically sync overseas treatment results back to the domestic network, ensuring continuous care after the patient returns home.
To improve the financial transparency of overseas treatments, a blockchain-based international medical billing system will also be essential. Instead of dealing with slow, paperwork-heavy processes, treatment records stored on the blockchain will be automatically sent to insurance companies via smart contracts, enabling instant claims processing and transparent reimbursement.
Ultimately, a decentralized global medical collaboration network will emerge. In complex surgeries or rare diseases, top experts from around the world will be able to participate in real-time via a blockchain-based consultation platform. All decisions and discussions will be stored as immutable consensus records, ensuring transparency and traceability. This will usher in a new era of borderless decentralized medical governance.
3.3. Participating in Clinical Trials: Blockchain-Based Consent and Compensation Systems
A major issue in clinical trials today is the lack of transparency and trust in the data. A blockchain-based clinical trial data management system is expected to fundamentally improve this. Every stage of the trial and its results will be immutably recorded on-chain, ensuring complete data integrity. Using distributed ledger technology, multiple institutions can verify the data simultaneously, preventing tampering by any single entity.
Once transparency is established, the next step is to ensure autonomous participation and patient rights. A smart contract-powered dynamic consent system will allow participants to record detailed consent items on the blockchain and modify or withdraw them at any time. With smart contracts, if a participant withdraws consent, data usage will be automatically halted.
To promote voluntary participation, blockchain’s tokenomics will enable a fair compensation model. Through a token-based contribution evaluation system, patients can be quantitatively rewarded based on how much their data contributes to drug development. Rare disease patients or those in long-term observation studies may receive higher token rewards due to data scarcity.
Accurate and transparent data collection is a prerequisite for fair compensation. With IoT-integrated blockchain logging, biometric data from wearables or smartphone apps can be automatically and securely recorded on-chain, ensuring integrity and real-time availability. An oracle network will also relay data from external medical devices into the blockchain ecosystem for comprehensive monitoring.
Eventually, this entire ecosystem could evolve into a DAO-based, patient-centered governance model for clinical research. Patients will be members of a DAO and can vote on study designs and procedures. Through blockchain consensus mechanisms, clinical trial protocols will be developed in more democratic and accessible ways.
4. Core Infrastructure for Medical Blockchain Adoption: WaaS
4.1. Lowering the Barrier for General Patients to Use Blockchain Technology
The biggest obstacle to implementing blockchain in healthcare is that the technology is too complex for everyday users. Wallet as a Service (WaaS) is expected to be the key infrastructure that transforms this complexity into user-friendly services accessible to ordinary patients.
Traditionally, using a blockchain wallet required managing private keys, installing MetaMask, and calculating gas fees—tasks that demanded technical expertise. WaaS will enable people to use blockchain wallets as intuitively and securely as a mobile banking app. Even a 70-year-old grandmother will be able to manage her health records with ease, thanks to a user-friendly interface—the key to blockchain adoption in healthcare.
The secret to this usability lies in leveraging familiar tools. With one-click wallet creation and social login integration, patients will be able to automatically create a blockchain wallet simply by signing in with their Naver or KakaoTalk account. A cloud-based security module (HSM) will handle private key management behind the scenes, hiding the technical complexity while maintaining blockchain-level security and transparency.
Security will also be enhanced along with usability. By combining biometric authentication with multi-signature technology, this challenge can be solved. A patient might log in using a fingerprint or face scan, but internally, three layers of verification—biometric data, medical institution credentials, and WaaS platform validation—will occur automatically, ensuring 99.99% security. From the user’s perspective, a simple facial scan triggers a banking-level security process.
To improve accessibility, voice interfaces and AI assistants will be incorporated. A patient can say, “Did I take my blood pressure medicine today?” and the AI will automatically log it on the blockchain. Saying, “Show me last month’s test results” will trigger a voice summary or data visualization. This inclusive technology will allow elderly or visually impaired users to access blockchain healthcare services naturally.
Most importantly, the system must help users gradually adapt. A step-by-step functional learning system will guide users from checking basic health records to gradually handling more advanced features like cross-hospital data sharing, insurance claims, and clinical trial participation—with gamified onboarding that encourages engagement.
4.2. Simple Wallet Integration Solutions for Hospitals and Healthcare Providers
Just as important as patient interfaces is ease of integration for medical institutions. For healthcare providers, WaaS will serve as the bridge that seamlessly connects existing Hospital Information Systems (HIS) to blockchain networks. Instead of replacing legacy systems built with millions in investment, hospitals can simply integrate WaaS APIs to unlock blockchain capabilities—like installing an elevator in an old building for better accessibility.
The user interface for doctors should remain familiar. Through a custom dashboard for medical professionals, complex blockchain processes will be translated into intuitive workflows that align with clinical operations. When a doctor clicks “View patient A’s external test results,” processes like decentralized identity verification, access control, decryption, and data syncing will happen behind the scenes—yet the interface will resemble a standard EMR screen.
The core concept is that routine medical tasks will be automatically blockchain-enabled. When a doctor writes a “surgery consent form” or submits an “insurance claim,” WaaS will auto-generate and execute the appropriate smart contract. Medical staff can benefit from blockchain without needing to understand how it works.
WaaS must also address the urgency of clinical environments. A real-time consensus and validation system tailored for emergencies will ensure that, for example, identity checks or allergy reviews in an ER don’t have to wait for traditional blockchain confirmation times. Specialized fast-verification protocols will provide essential data access within three seconds.
Ultimately, WaaS will transform collaboration between medical professionals. Using collaborative tools, multiple specialists can view and annotate patient records simultaneously during multidisciplinary treatment or remote consultations. Every change will be recorded in real time on the blockchain, allowing full traceability of who modified what and when, which is critical for medical accountability and error prevention.
4.3. Seamless Integration Across Diverse Healthcare Platforms
A major challenge in the healthcare ecosystem is that each system operates independently, lacking interconnectivity. WaaS is expected to become the central hub that enables seamless integration between different platforms. Currently, hospitals, insurers, pharmaceutical firms, and medical device companies run siloed systems, making data exchange difficult. With WaaS-provided standardized APIs and protocols, all systems can function like a single, connected network.
Technologically, compatibility between different blockchains is essential. Through a multi-chain architecture, WaaS will unify healthcare platforms built on Ethereum, Polygon, Solana, Hyperledger, and more under a single interface. Patients will be able to access all blockchain-based medical services with a single wallet, and providers can exchange data regardless of the underlying blockchain.
The most important factor in cross-platform integration is data consistency and reliability. A real-time data synchronization engine will ensure that prescription data entered at Hospital A is immediately reflected at Pharmacy B and automatically linked to Insurance Company C’s claim system—eliminating manual errors and delays. This improves medical efficiency and patient safety.
To keep up with rapid healthcare innovations, the system must be extensible. A plugin-based, modular architecture will allow new technologies or services to be easily added to the WaaS platform. For example, a new genetic testing service or AI diagnostic tool could be integrated by simply installing a plugin—without needing to overhaul the entire system.
Data format incompatibilities between systems must also be resolved. Cross-platform data transformation will be automated by WaaS, converting different medical data standards in real-time to make any data format interoperable across all platforms. This will lay the technical foundation for complete interoperability.
Finally, the innovation ecosystem must thrive. Developer-friendly SDKs and APIs will enable startups and innovators to build services within the WaaS ecosystem without needing in-depth blockchain knowledge. With just a few lines of code, developers can launch blockchain healthcare services, greatly lowering the entry barrier for healthcare innovation.
5. Future Outlook: Building a Patient-Centered Healthcare Ecosystem
5.1. Expansion of Preventive and Personalized Healthcare Services
Today’s healthcare system is heavily focused on treating illnesses after they occur. However, a blockchain-based medical ecosystem is expected to shift the paradigm toward "prevention over treatment." With blockchain’s immutability and transparency, a wide range of data—such as genetic information, lifestyle habits, environmental exposure, and past medical history—can be securely stored and analyzed over the long term. Combined with AI, this will allow highly accurate disease risk prediction and the provision of personalized preventive care.
One of the most powerful tools for preventive medicine will be the secure management of genomic data on blockchain. Individuals’ genetic vulnerabilities will be encrypted and stored, and access will be controlled via smart contracts, allowing selective disclosure only when necessary. For example, if a person has a gene linked to cardiovascular risk, a smart contract could automatically recommend a heart health management program starting in their 20s, reducing disease risk in advance.
Real-time monitoring is essential in addition to genetic information. Through integration with IoT devices, 24/7 health monitoring will become routine. Data collected from smartwatches, rings, and contact lenses—such as heart rate, blood pressure, glucose levels, sleep patterns, and stress—will be stored directly in a blockchain wallet owned by the user, ensuring security without relying on centralized servers.
Environmental factors that impact health will also be managed on the blockchain. Using a decentralized environmental data network, real-time records of air pollution, water quality, noise, and UV levels will be transparently maintained. These can be combined with personal health data via cross-chain protocols to accurately assess the effects of environmental risks on individuals.
Health is also affected by social relationships, which can likewise be managed on-chain. Using privacy-preserving blockchain network analysis with Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP), health trends among family members or social contacts can be analyzed without exposing personal information. This will enable more precise prevention of infectious disease spread or hereditary risk.
Ultimately, a token-incentivized health management ecosystem will emerge. Personalized dietary and exercise recommendations will be generated based on genetic variation, gut microbiome composition, and metabolic traits, securely stored on blockchain. A DAO-powered health management platform will provide tailored plans, and individuals will receive token rewards for meeting their health goals. These results will be transparently recorded on-chain, allowing continuous improvement of programs.
5.2. Activation of the Healthcare Data Economy and New Business Models
Currently, healthcare data is siloed within institutions, limiting its economic potential. A blockchain-based healthcare ecosystem will unlock new business models that generate economic value from medical data. Individuals will profit from their own health data, institutions will earn revenue from data-sharing, and researchers will gain easier access to high-quality datasets—creating a positive cycle of data-driven innovation.
At the center of this model is the concept of patient data ownership. A personal healthcare data marketplace will emerge, where individuals can provide their data for research and receive token-based compensation. Especially valuable datasets—such as those from rare disease patients or people with unique genetic traits—will command higher rewards in a fair compensation system.
Cooperation between medical institutions will also become a source of income. Through a data exchange platform, large hospitals can offer their extensive datasets to smaller clinics for AI support or treatment insights, charging licensing or usage fees. This not only bridges medical disparities, but also creates new economic value.
The insurance industry will be transformed as well. New products will emerge that dynamically adjust premiums based on real-time personal health data, rewarding healthy behavior and penalizing risky actions. This behavior-based insurance model will incentivize preventive care.
Medical funding methods will also evolve. Blockchain-powered medical crowdfunding platforms will allow for transparent fundraising for rare disease treatments or new drug development. Investors will receive token rewards when treatments succeed or drugs are approved—fueling socially impactful healthcare innovation.
Finally, health management will become gamified and tokenized. Using Healthcare NFTs, individuals’ health achievements or data contributions can be stored as digital assets. Those who maintain healthy lifestyles or provide valuable medical data may receive special benefits, forming a game-based healthcare rewards system.
5.3. Global Standardization of WaaS-Based Medical Services
Today, different countries operate under different medical protocols, making cross-border healthcare extremely difficult. WaaS is expected to evolve into the core infrastructure that connects global healthcare systems through a unified blockchain network.
The foundation of this integration will be the establishment of international standards based on blockchain governance. Global organizations will define standardized smart contracts for medical data and cross-chain protocols, while a multi-national DAO-based governance system will ensure WaaS platforms comply—laying the groundwork for full interoperability of blockchain medical data.
One of the most tangible results of this standardization will be blockchain-based digital health identity. An NFT-style digital health passport is expected to become the global norm, securely storing personal health information, vaccination records, and overall health status. These passports can be automatically verified by smart contracts in any country, allowing uninterrupted care during international travel or migration.
We will also see the emergence of new decentralized cooperation models that leverage each country's medical strengths. Through smart contract-powered international healthcare collaboration networks, Korean cosmetic surgery techniques, German precision medical devices, and U.S. pharmaceutical innovations can be globally shared, automatically matched via token incentive systems on WaaS.
Global standardization will also lead to systematic support for underserved populations. Through decentralized medical aid fund management, refugees from war or disaster zones will be able to access their recorded medical history from any country, while DAO-based global aid funds will automatically and transparently deliver low-cost or free medical services—establishing a worldwide healthcare safety net.
This vision will be realized only if blockchain scalability and social adoption progress in harmony. The ultimate goal is to implement a truly patient-centered, decentralized medical ecosystem that balances data sovereignty and healthcare innovation.
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